Saturday, January 3, 2009

Mastering AutoCAD 2009 and AutoCAD LT 2009 or CCIE Routing and Switching Exam Certification Guide Exam Certification Guide Series

Mastering AutoCAD 2009 and AutoCAD LT 2009

Author: George Omura

Mastering AutoCAD teaches AutoCAD essentials using concise explanations, focused examples, step-by-step instructions, and hands-on projects for both AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT. This detailed resource works as both a tutorial and stand-alone reference. Part I introduces the basics of the interface and drafting tools; Part II moves into such intermediate skills as effectively using hatches, fields, and tables;  Part III details such advanced skills as attributes, dynamic blocks, drawing curves and solid fills; Part IV explores 3D modeling and imaging; and Part V discusses customization and integration. The supporting web site includes all the project files necessary for the tutorials and five chapters of advanced material on such topics as Active X and VBA.



Look this: Decline of the Welfare State or The Management of Telecommunications

CCIE Routing and Switching Exam Certification Guide [Exam Certification Guide Series]

Author: Wendell Odom

CCIE Routing and Switching Exam Certification Guide, Third Edition, is a best of breed Cisco exam study guide that focuses specifically on the objectives for the CCIE Routing and Switching written exam. Senior instructor and best-selling author Wendell Odom shares preparation hints and test-taking tips, helping you identify areas of weakness and improve both your conceptual knowledge and hands-on skills. Material is presented in a concise manner, focusing on increasing your understanding and retention of exam topics.
• Master CCIE 350-001 exam topics with the official study guide
• Assess your knowledge with chapter-opening quizzes
• Review key concepts with foundation summaries
• Practice with hundreds of exam questions on the CD-ROM 

CCIE Routing and Switching Exam Certification Guide, Third Edition, presents you with an organized test preparation routine through the use of proven series elements and techniques. “Do I Know This Already” quizzes open each chapter and allow you to decide how much time you need to spend on each section. Foundation Topic sections present detailed overviews of all exam objectives. Key Topic icons allow you to identify and quickly review the most important exam topics. Foundation summaries reinforce key exam concepts with review exercises and important tables.

The companion CD-ROM contains a powerful testing engine that allows you to focus on individual topic areas or take complete, timed exams. The assessment engine also tracks your performance and provides feedback on a chapter-by-chapter basis, presenting question-by-question remediation to the text and laying out a complete studyplan for review.

Well regarded for its level of detail, assessment features, and challenging review exercises and practice questions, this completely revised and updated third edition helps you master the concepts and techniques that will enable you to succeed on the exam the first time.

CCIE Routing and Switching Exam Certification Guide, Third Edition, is part of a recommended learning path from Cisco that includes simulation and hands-on training from authorized Cisco Learning Partners and self-study products from Cisco Press. To find out more about instructor-led training, e-learning, and hands-on instruction offered by authorized Cisco Learning Partners worldwide, visit www.cisco.com/go/authorizedtraining.

Wendell Odom, CCIE No. 1624, has been in the networking industry since 1981. He currently teaches QoS, MPLS, and CCNA courses for Skyline Advanced Technology Services (http://www.skyline-ats.com). Wendell has worked as a network engineer, consultant, systems engineer, and as an instructor and course developer and has taught authorized Cisco courses for the majority of the last 14 years.

The official study guide helps you master all the topics on the CCIE Routing and Switching written exam, including:
• Bridging and LAN switching
• IP addressing, IP services, and TCP, UDP, and application protocol details
• Layer 3 forwarding concepts
• EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP routing protocols
• Quality of service (QoS)
• Frame Relay
• MPLS
• IP Multicast
• IPv6
• Router and switch security

Companion CD-ROM

The CD-ROM contains an electronic copy of the book

and more than 250 practice questions for the CCIE Routing and Switching written exam, all available in study mode, test mode, and flash card format.

This volume is part of the Exam Certification Guide Series from Cisco Press. Books in this series provide officially developed exam preparation materials that offer assessment, review, and practice to help Cisco Career Certification candidates identify weaknesses, concentrate their study efforts, and enhance their confidence as exam day nears.

Category: Cisco Press—Cisco Certification

Covers: CCIE Routing and Switching written exam 350-001 v3.1

 



Table of Contents:

Foreword xxx

Introduction xxxi

Part I Part I: LAN Switching 3

Chapter 1 Ethernet Basics 5

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 5

Foundation Topics 8

Ethernet Layer 1: Wiring, Speed, and Duplex 8

 RJ-45 Pinouts and Category 5 Wiring 8

 Auto-negotiation, Speed, and Duplex 9

 CSMA/CD 10

 Collision Domains and Switch Buffering 10

 Basic Switch Port Configuration 12

Ethernet Layer 2: Framing and Addressing 14

 Types of Ethernet Addresses 16

 Ethernet Address Formats 17

 Protocol Types and the 802.3 Length Field 18

 Switching and Bridging Logic 19

Foundation Summary 22

Memory Builders 25

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 25

 Definitions 25

 Further Reading 25

Chapter 2 Virtual LANs and VLAN Trunking 27

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 27

Foundation Topics 31

Virtual LANs 31

 VLAN Configuration 31

 Using VLAN Database Mode to Create VLANs 32

 Using Configuration Mode to Put Interfaces into VLANs 34

 Using Configuration Mode to Create VLANs 35

 Private VLANs 36

VLAN Trunking Protocol 38

 VTP Process and Revision Numbers 39

 VTP Configuration 40

 Normal-Range and Extended-Range VLANs 42

 Storing VLAN Configuration 43

VLAN Trunking: ISL and 802.1Q 44

 ISL and 802.1Q Concepts 44

I  SL and 802.1Q Configuration 45

 Allowed, Active, and Pruned VLANs 48

 Trunk Configuration Compatibility 48

 Configuring Trunking on Routers 49

 802.1Q-in-QTunneling 51

Foundation Summary 53

Memory Builders 54

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 54

 Definitions 54

 Further Reading 55

Chapter 3 Spanning Tree Protocol 57

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 57

Foundation Topics 61

802.1d Spanning Tree Protocol 61

 Choosing Which Ports Forward: Choosing Root

 Ports and Designated Ports 61

 Electing a Root Switch 61

 Determining the Root Port 63

 Determining the Designated Port 64

 Converging to a New STP Topology 65

 Topology Change Notification and Updating the CAM 66

 Transitioning from Blocking to Forwarding 67

 Per-VLAN Spanning Tree and STP over Trunks 68

 STP Configuration and Analysis 70

Optimizing Spanning Tree 73

 PortFast, UplinkFast, and BackboneFast 73

 PortFast 74

 UplinkFast 74

 BackboneFast 75

 PortFast, UplinkFast, and BackboneFast Configuration 75

 PortChannels 76

 Load Balancing Across PortChannels 76

 PortChannel Discovery and Configuration 77

 Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol 78

 Rapid Per VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (RPVST+) 80

 Multiple Spanning Trees: IEEE 802.1s 81

Protecting STP 82

 Root Guard and BPDU Guard: Protecting Access Ports 83

 DLD and Loop Guard: Protecting Trunks 83

Foundation Summary 85

Memory Builders 87

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 87

 Definitions 87

 Further Reading 87

Part II IP 89

Chapter 4 IP Addressing 91

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 91

Foundation Topics 94

IP Addressing and Subnetting 94

 IP Addressing and Subnetting Review 94

 Subnetting a Classful Network Number 95

 Comments on Classless Addressing 97

 Subnetting Math 97

 Dissecting the Component Parts of an IP Address 97

 Finding Subnet Numbers and Valid Range of IP Addresses–Binary 98

 Decimal Shortcuts to Find the Subnet Number and Valid Range of IP Addresses 99

 Determining All Subnets of a Network–Binary 102

 Determining All Subnets of a Network–Decimal 104

 VLSM Subnet Allocation 105

 Route Summarization Concepts 107

 Finding Inclusive Summary Routes–Binary 108

 Finding Inclusive Summary Routes–Decimal 109

 Finding Exclusive Summary Routes–Binary 110

CIDR, Private Addresses, and NAT 111

 Classless Interdomain Routing 111

 Private Addressing 113

 Network Address Translation 113

 Static NAT 115

 Dynamic NAT Without PAT 116

 Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation 117

 Dynamic NAT and PAT Configuration 118

Foundation Summary 120

Memory Builders 123

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 123

 Definitions 124

 Further Reading 124

Chapter 5 IP Services 127

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 127

Foundation Topics 131

ARP, Proxy ARP, Reverse ARP, BOOTP, and DHCP 131

 ARP and Proxy ARP 131

 RARP, BOOTP, and DHCP 132

 DHCP 133

HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP 135

Network Time Protocol 139

SNMP 140

 SNMP Protocol Messages 142

 SNMP MIBs 143

 SNMP Security 144

Syslog 144

Web Cache Communication Protocol 145

Foundation Summary 148

Memory Builders 150

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 151

 Definitions 151

 Further Reading 151

Part III IP Routing 153

Chapter 6 IP Forwarding (Routing) 155

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 155

Foundation Topics 159

IP Forwarding 159

 Process Switching, Fast Switching, and Cisco Express Forwarding 160

 Building Adjacency Information: ARP and Inverse ARP 161

 Frame Relay Inverse ARP 162

 Static Configuration of Frame Relay Mapping Information 165

 Disabling InARP 166

 Classless and Classful Routing 167

Multilayer Switching 168

 MLS Logic 168

 Using Routed Ports and PortChannels with MLS 169

 MLS Configuration 170

Policy Routing 174

Foundation Summary 179

Memory Builders 180

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 180

 Definitions 181

 Further Reading 181

Chapter 7 RIP Version 2 183

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 183

Foundation Topics 186

RIP Version 2 Basics 186

RIP Convergence and Loop Prevention 187

 Converged Steady-State Operation 188

 Triggered (Flash) Updates and Poisoned Routes 190

 RIP Convergence When Routing Updates Cease 192

 Convergence Extras 194

RIP Configuration 195

 Enabling RIP and the Effects of Autosummarization 196

 RIP Authentication 198

 RIP Next-Hop Feature and Split Horizon 198

 RIP Offset Lists 199

 Route Filtering with Distribute Lists and Prefix Lists 199

Foundation Summary 200

Memory Builders 202

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 202

 Definitions 202

 Further Reading 202

Chapter 8 EIGRP 205

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 205

Foundation Topics 209

EIGRP Basics and Steady-State Operation 209

 Hellos, Neighbors, and Adjacencies 209

 EIGRP Updates 212

 The EIGRP Topology Table 214

EIGRP Convergence 216

 Input Events and Local Computation 217

 Going Active on a Route 219

 tuck-in-Active 221

 Limiting Query Scope 222

EIGRP Configuration 222

 EIGRP Configuration Example 222

 EIGRP Load Balancing 225

 EIGRP Authentication 226

 EIGRP Automatic Summarization 227

 EIGRP Split Horizon 228

 EIGRP Route Filtering 228

 EIGRP Offset Lists 230

 Clearing the IP Routing Table 231

Foundation Summary 232

Memory Builders 234

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 234

 Definitions 234

 Further Reading 235

Chapter 9 OSPF 237

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 237

Foundation Topics 242

OSPF Database Exchange 242

 OSPF Router IDs 242

 Becoming Neighbors, Exchanging Databases, and Becoming Adjacent 243

 Becoming Neighbors: The Hello Process 245

 Flooding LSA Headers to Neighbors 246

 Database Descriptor Exchange: Master/Slave Relationship 247

 Requesting, Getting, and Acknowledging LSAs 247

 Designated Routers on LANs 248

 Designated Router Optimization on LANs 248

 DR Election on LANs 250

 Designated Routers on WANs and OSPF Network Types 251

 Caveats Regarding OSPF Network Types over NBMA Networks 252

 Example of OSPF Network Types and NBMA 253

 SPF Calculation 256

 Steady-State Operation 257

OSPF Design and LSAs 257

 OSPF Design Terms 258

 OSPF Path Selection Process 259

 LSA Types and Network Types 259

 LSA Types 1 and 2 260

 LSA Type 3 and Inter-Area Costs 263

 Removing Routes Advertised by Type 3 LSAs 266

 LSA Types 4 and 5, and External Route Types 1 and 2 266

 OSPF Design in Light of LSA Types 268

 Stubby Areas 269

 Graceful Restart 272

 OSPF Path Choices That Do Not Use Cost 273

 Choosing the Best Type of Path 273

 Best-Path Side Effects of ABR Loop Prevention 274

OSPF Configuration 276

 OSPF Costs and Clearing the OSPF Process 278

 OSPF Filtering 281

 Filtering Routes Using the distribute-list Command 281

 OSPF ABR LSA Type 3 Filtering 283

 Filtering Type 3 LSAs with the area range Command 284

 Virtual Link Configuration 284

 Configuring OSPF Authentication 286

 OSPF Stub Router Configuration 289

Foundation Summary 290

Memory Builders 294

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 295

 Definitions 295

Further Reading 295

Chapter 10 IGP Route Redistribution, Route Summarization, and Default Routing 297

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 297

Foundation Topics 301

Route Maps, Prefix Lists, and Administrative Distance 301

 Configuring Route Maps with the route-map Command 301

 Route Map match Commands for Route Redistribution 303

 Route Map set Commands for Route Redistribution 304

 IP Prefix Lists 305

 Administrative Distance 307

 Route Redistribution 308

 Mechanics of the redistribute Command 308

 Redistribution Using Default Settings 309

 Setting Metrics, Metric Types, and Tags 312

 Redistributing a Subset of Routes Using a Route Map 313

 Mutual Redistribution at Multiple Routers 317

 Preventing Suboptimal Routes by Setting the Administrative Distance 319

 Preventing Suboptimal Routes by Using Route Tags 322

 Using Metrics and Metric Types to Influence Redistributed Routes 324

Route Summarization 326

 EIGRP Route Summarization 328

 OSPF Route Summarization 328

Default Routes 329

 Using Static Routes to 0.0.0.0, with redistribute static 331

 Using the default-information originate Command 332

 Using the ip default-network Command 333

 Using Route Summarization to Create Default Routes 334

Foundation Summary 336

Memory Builders 337

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 337

 Definitions 337

 Further Reading 337

Chapter 11 BGP 339

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 339

Foundation Topics 344

Building BGP Neighbor Relationships 345

 Internal BGP Neighbors 346

 External BGP Neighbors 349

 Checks Before Becoming BGP Neighbors 350

 BGP Messages and Neighbor States 352

 BGP Message Types 352

 Purposefully Resetting BGP Peer Connections 353

Building the BGP Table 354

 Injecting Routes/Prefixes into the BGP Table 354

 BGP network Command 354

 Redistributing from an IGP, Static, or Connected Route 357

 Impact of Auto-Summary on Redistributed Routes and the network Command 359

 Manual Summaries and the AS_PATH Path Attribute 362

 Adding Default Routes to BGP 365

 ORIGIN Path Attribute 366

 Advertising BGP Routes to Neighbors 367

 BGP Update Message 367

 Determining the Contents of Updates 368

 Example: Impact of the Decision Process and NEXT_HOP on BGP Updates 370

 Summary of Rules for Routes Advertised in BGP Updates 376

Building the IP Routing Table 376

 Adding eBGP Routes to the IP Routing Table 376

 Backdoor Routes 377

 Adding iBGP Routes to the IP Routing Table 378

 Using Sync and Redistributing Routes 380

 Disabling Sync and Using BGP on All Routers in an AS 382

 Confederations 383

 Configuring Confederations 385

 Route Reflectors 388

Foundation Summary 394

Memory Builders 398

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 398

 Definitions 398

Further Reading 399

Part IV QoS 401

Chapter 12 Classification and Marking 403

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 403

Foundation Topics 407

Fields That Can Be Marked for QoS Purposes 407

 IP Precedence and DSCP Compared 407

 DSCP Settings and Terminology 408

 Class Selector PHB and DSCP Values 409

 Assured Forwarding PHB and DSCP Values 409

 Expedited Forwarding PHB and DSCP Values 410

 Non-IP Header Marking Fields 411

 Ethernet LAN Class of Service 411

 WAN Marking Fields 411

 Locations for Marking and Matching 412

Cisco Modular QoS CLI 413

 Mechanics of MQC 414

 Classification Using Class Maps 415

 Using Multiple match Commands 416

 Classification Using NBAR 417

Classification and Marking Tools 418

 Class-Based Marking (CB Marking) Configuration 418

 CB Marking Example 419

 CB Marking of CoS and DSCP 423

 Network-Based Application Recognition 425

 CB Marking Design Choices 426

 Marking Using Policers 427

 QoS Pre-Classification 428

 Policy Routing for Marking 429

Foundation Summary 430

Memory Builders 432

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 432

 Definitions 432

 Further Reading 432

Chapter 13 Congestion Management and Avoidance 435

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 435

Cisco Router Queuing Concepts 438

 Software Queues and Hardware Queues 438

 Queuing on Interfaces Versus Subinterfaces and Virtual Circuits 439

 Comparing Queuing Tools 439

Queuing Tools: CBWFQ and LLQ 440

 CBWFQ Basic Features and Configuration 441

 Defining and Limiting CBWFQ Bandwidth 443

 Low-Latency Queuing 446

 Defining and Limiting LLQ Bandwidth 448

 LLQ with More Than One Priority Queue 449

 Miscellaneous CBWFQ/LLQ Topics 450

 Queuing Summary 451

Weighted Random Early Detection 451

 How WRED Weights Packets 453

 WRED Configuration 454

Modified Deficit Round-Robin 455

LAN Switch Congestion Management and Avoidance 457

 Cisco 3550 and 3560 Switch Ingress Queueing 458

 Cisco 3550 Switch Egress Queuing 459

 Cisco 3560 Switch Egress Queuing 461

 Cisco 3550 Congestion Avoidance 463

 Cisco 3560 Congestion Avoidance 465

 Comparisons Between Cisco 3550 and 3560 Switches 465

Foundation Summary 467

Memory Builders 467

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 467

 Definitions 467

 Further Reading 467

Chapter 14 Shaping and Policing 469

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 469

Foundation Topics 473

Traffic-Shaping Concepts 473

 Shaping Terminology 473

 Shaping with an Excess Burst 475

 Underlying Mechanics of Shaping 475

 Traffic-Shaping Adaptation on Frame Relay Networks 477

Class-Based Shaping Configuration 477

 Tuning Shaping for Voice Using LLQ and a Small Tc 479

 Configuring Shaping by Bandwidth Percent 482

 CB Shaping to a Peak Rate 483

 Adaptive Shaping 483

Frame Relay Traffic Shaping Configuration 483

 FRTS Configuration Using the traffic-rate Command 485

 Setting FRTS Parameters Explicitly 486

 FRTS Configuration Using LLQ 487

 FRTS Adaptive Shaping 488

 FRTS with MQC 489

Policing Concepts and Configuration 489

 CB Policing Concepts 489

 Single-Rate, Two-Color Policing (One Bucket) 490

 Single-Rate, Three-Color Policer (Two Buckets) 491

 Two-Rate, Three-Color Policer (Two Buckets) 492

 Class-Based Policing Configuration 493

 Single-Rate, Three-Color Policing of All Traffic 494

 Policing a Subset of the Traffic 495

 CB Policing Defaults for Bc and Be 495

 Configuring Dual-Rate Policing 496

 Multi-Action Policing 496

 Policing by Percentage 497

 Committed Access Rate 497

Foundation Summary 501

Memory Builders 503

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 503

 Definitions 503

 Further Reading 504

Part V Wide-Area Networks 507

Chapter 15 Frame Relay 509

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 509

Foundation Topics 512

Frame Relay Concepts 512

 Frame Relay Data Link Connection Identifiers 512

 Local Management Interface 513

 Frame Relay Headers and Encapsulation 514

 Frame Relay Congestion: DE, BECN, and FECN 515

 Adaptive Shaping, FECN, and BECN 516

The Discard Eligibility Bit 517

 Frame Relay Configuration 517

 Frame Relay Configuration Basics 517

 Frame Relay Payload Compression 521

 Frame Relay Fragmentation 522

Foundation Summary 525

Memory Builders 526

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 527

 Definitions 527

 Further Reading 527

Part VI IP Multicast 529

Chapter 16 Introduction to IP Multicasting 531

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 531

Foundation Topics 534

Why Do You Need Multicasting? 534

 Problems with Unicast and Broadcast Methods 535

 How Multicasting Provides a Scalable and Manageable Solution 537

Multicast IP Addresses 540

 Multicast Address Range and Structure 540

 Well-Known Multicast Addresses 540

 Multicast Addresses for Permanent Groups 541

 Multicast Addresses for Source-Specific Multicast Applications and Protocols 542

 Multicast Addresses for GLOP Addressing 542

 Multicast Addresses for Private Multicast Domains 543

 Multicast Addresses for Transient Groups 543

 Summary of Multicast Address Ranges 543

 Mapping IP Multicast Addresses to MAC Addresses 544

Managing Distribution of Multicast Traffic with IGMP 546

 Joining a Group 547

 Internet Group Management Protocol 548

 IGMP Version 2 548

 IGMPv2 Host Membership Query Functions 550

 IGMPv2 Host Membership Report Functions 552

 IGMPv2 Leave Group and Group-Specific Query Messages 556

 IGMPv2 Querier 558

 IGMPv1 and IGMPv2 Interoperability 559

 IGMPv2 Host and IGMPv1 Routers 559

 IGMPv1 Host and IGMPv2 Routers 559

 IGMPv2 Timers 560

 IGMP Version 3 561

 Comparison of IGMPv1, IGMPv2, and IGMPv3 562

LAN Multicast Optimizations 564

 Cisco Group Management Protocol 564

 IGMP Snooping 570

 Router-Port Group Management Protocol 575

Foundation Summary 578

Memory Builders 578

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 579

 Definitions 579

 Further Reading 579

References in This Chapter 579

Chapter 17 IP Multicast Routing 581

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 581

Foundation Topics 585

Multicast Routing Basics 585

 Overview of Multicast Routing Protocols 586

 Multicast Forwarding Using Dense Mode 586

 Reverse Path Forwarding Check 587

  Multicast Forwarding Using Sparse Mode 589

 Multicast Scoping 591

 TTL Scoping 591

 Administrative Scoping 592

Dense-Mode Routing Protocols 592

 Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast Dense Mode 593

 Forming PIM Adjacencies Using PIM Hello Messages 593

 Source-Based Distribution Trees 594

 Prune Message 595

 PIM-DM: Reacting to a Failed Link 597

 Rules for Pruning 599

 Steady-State Operation and the State Refresh Message 601

 Graft Message 602

 LAN-Specific Issues with PIM-DM and PIM-SM 604

 Prune Override 604

 Assert Message 605

 Designated Router 606

 Summary of PIM-DM Messages 607

 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol 608

 Multicast Open Shortest Path First 608

Sparse-Mode Routing Protocols 609

 Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode 609

 Similarities Between PIM-DM and PIM-SM 609

Sources Sending Packets to the Rendezvous Point 610

 Joining the Shared Tree 612

 Completion of the Source Registration Process 614

 Shared Distribution Tree 616

 Steady-State Operation by Continuing to Send Joins 617

 Examining the RP’s Multicast Routing Table 618

 Shortest-Path Tree Switchover 619

 Pruning from the Shared Tree 621

 Dynamically Finding RPs and Using Redundant RPs 622

 Dynamically Finding the RP Using Auto-RP 623

 Dynamically Finding the RP Using BSR 626

 Anycast RP with MSDP 628

 Summary: Finding the RP 630

 Bidirectional PIM 631

  Comparison of PIM-DM and PIM-SM 632

Foundation Summary 634

Memory Builders 638

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 638

 Definitions 639

 Further Reading 639

Part VII Security 641

Chapter 18 Security 643

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 643

Foundation Topics 647

Router and Switch Device Security 647

 Simple Password Protection for the CLI 647

 Better Protection of Enable and Username Passwords 648

 User Mode and Privileged Mode AAA Authentication 649

 Using a Default Set of Authentication Methods 650

 Using Multiple Authentication Methods 651

 Groups of AAA Servers 652

 Overriding the Defaults for Login Security 653

 PPP Security 654

Layer 2 Security 654

 Switch Security Best Practices for Unused and User Ports 655

 Port Security 656

 Dynamic ARP Inspection 660

 DHCP Snooping 663

 IP Source Guard 665

802.1X Authentication Using EAP 666

 Storm Control 668

 General Layer 2 Security Recommendations 670

Layer 3 Security 671

 IP Access Control List Review 672

 ACL Rule Summary 674

 Wildcard Masks 675

 General Layer 3 Security Considerations 676

 Smurf Attacks, Directed Broadcasts, and RPF Checks 676

 nappropriate IP Addresses 678

 TCP SYN Flood, the Established Bit, and TCP Intercept 679

 Context-Based Access Control 681

 TCP Versus UDP with CBAC 682

 CBAC Protocol Support 682

 CBAC Caveats 683

 CBAC Configuration Steps 683

 Dynamic Multipoint VPN 684

Foundation Summary 686

Memory Builders 688

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 689

 Definitions 689

 Further Reading 689

Part VIII MPLS 691

Chapter 19 Multiprotocol Label Switching 693

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 693

Foundation Topics 696

MPLS Unicast IP Forwarding 696

 MPLS IP Forwarding: Data Plane 697

 CEF Review 697

 Overview of MPLS Unicast IP Forwarding 698

 MPLS Forwarding Using the FIB and LFIB 700

 The MPLS Header and Label 701

 The MPLS TTL Field and MPLS TTL Propagation 702

 MPLS IP Forwarding: Control Plane 704

 MPLS LDP Basics 704

 The MPLS Label Information Base Feeding the FIB and LFIB 707

 Examples of FIB and LFIB Entries 711

 Label Distribution Protocol Reference 713

MPLS VPNs 714

 The Problem: Duplicate Customer Address Ranges 715

 The Solution: MPLS VPNs 716

 The MPLS VPN Control Plane 719

 Virtual Routing and Forwarding Tables 719

 MP-BGP and Route Distinguishers 721

 Route Targets 723

 Overlapping VPNs 725

 The MPLS VPN Data Plane 726

 Building the (Inner) VPN Label 728

 Creating LFIB Entries to Forward Packets to the Egress PE 729

 Creating VRF FIB Entries for the Ingress PE 731

 Penultimate Hop Popping 733

Other MPLS Applications 734

Foundation Summary 736

Memory Builders 736

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 736

 Definitions 736

 Further Reading 736

Part IX IP Version 6 739

Chapter 20 IP Version 6 741

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 741

Foundation Topics 745

IPv6 Addressing and Address Types 746

 IPv6 Address Notation 746

 Address Abbreviation Rules 747

 IPv6 Address Types 747

 Unicast 748

 Multicast 751

 Anycast 753

 The Unspecified Address 754

 IPv6 Address Autoconfiguration 754

 EUI-64 Address Format 754

Basic IPv6 Functionality Protocols 756

 Neighbor Discovery 756

 Neighbor Advertisements 758

 Neighbor Solicitation 758

 Router Advertisement and Router Solicitation 759

 Duplicate Address Detection 760

 Neighbor Unreachability Detection 761

 ICMPv6 761

 Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding 762

 DNS 763

 CDP 763

 DHCP 764

Access Lists and Traffic Filtering 765

IPv6 Static Routes 766

IPv6 Unicast Routing Protocols 767

OSPFv3 768

 Differences Between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 768

 Virtual Links, Address Summarization, and Other OSPFv3 Features 769

 OSPFv3 LSA Types 770

 OSPFv3 in NBMA Networks 771

 Configuring OSPFv3 over Frame Relay 771

 Enabling and Configuring OSPFv3 772

 Authentication and Encryption 779

EIGRP for IPv6 780

 Differences Between EIGRP for IPv4 and for IPv6 780

 Unchanged Features 781

 Route Filtering 782

 Configuring EIGRP for IPv6 782

Quality of Service 789

 QoS Implementation Strategy 789

 Classification, Marking, and Queuing 790

 Congestion Avoidance 790

 Traffic Shaping and Policing 791

Tunneling Techniques 791

 Tunneling Overview 791

 Manually Configured Tunnels 793

 Automatic IPv4-Compatible Tunnels 794

 IPv6 over IPv4 GRE Tunnels 794

 Automatic 6to4 Tunnels 795

 ISATAP Tunnels 797

 NAT-PT 797

IPv6 Multicast 798

 Multicast Listener Discovery 798

 Explicit Tracking 798

 PIM 798

 PIM DR Election 799

 Source-Specific Multicast 799

 PIM BSR 799

 Additional PIM Concepts and Options 800

 IPv6 Multicast Static Routes 800

 Configuring Multicast Routing for IPv6 800

Foundation Summary 801

Memory Builders 803

 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 803

 Definitions 803

 Further Reading 803

Part X Appendixes 805

Appendix A Answers to the "Do I Know This Already?" Quizzes 807

Appendix B Decimal to Binary Conversion Table 837

Appendix C CCIE Routing and Switching Exam Updates: Version 1.0 841

Glossary 845

Index 906

CD-Only

Appendix D IP Addressing Practice

Appendix E Key Tables for CCIE Study

Appendix F Solutions for Key Tables for CCIE Study

Appendix G IEEE 802.11 Fundamentals

Appendix H Wireless LAN Solutions

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